Last updated 7.11.25. (G)

 

Executive Directors' note: This website is for intelligent, mature, and rational individuals who rely on good science and accurate data to manage their lives and businesses. This website counterbalances and corrects the tremendous disinformation and misinformation campaign carried on by the global fossil fuel cartel over the last five decades concerning accurate climate change data. You will find this notice only on website pages that can be especially upsetting concerning current climate change facts, consequences, and timetables.

Our organization is currently focused on educating people about climate change emergency preparation, adaptation, resilience building, and, where necessary, migration. This is because many serious consequences of climate change are now unavoidable due to a 60-year delay in resolving this emergency. Reading the rest of this page will inform you as to how serious those consequences are and how short the timelines have become.

If you are unsure about the causes of climate change, we suggest starting with Learn pull-down top link called, What Climate Change Is and Does" rather than the materials below. The climate change facts below are uncensored as compared to what you have been hearing from your government, the media, and even many environmental groups.

Job One for Humanity is a nonprofit climate change think tank and risk assessment organization founded in 2008. It is nonpartisan, 100% publicly funded, and uncensored by any government, corporation, or entity.

 

Prologue

If you're a homeowner business owner, or a farmer in a medium to high risk climate change area anywhere around the world you have been climate change screwed since 2015 and what you read below was was likely hidden from you by the media, your government, and many well meaning environmental groups.

When we say climate change screwed, we mean that climate change consequences in those areas are not going to get any better. They are also going to become more severe, occur more frequently, and expand to a larger scale. The following will explain this bleak news regarding climate change. 

While there is a lot of difficult news about our current climate change condition, please do not think that we have given up hope in this challenging task, and that there are no amazing benefits that we will receive when we fix climate change. When you're done reading this page, be sure to return and read the following link first, then read this link, which will help you maintain the realistic hope and balance we all need to get through this challenge together. The second article has been read by several million people.

 

Introduction

For years, our organization had previously referred to this carbon level of 425-450 ppm as the climate cliff. Our original climate cliff, at an atmospheric carbon level of 425-450 parts per million (ppm), was based on the United Nations' decades-long-held target of keeping the average global temperature rising no more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Recently, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lowered its temperature target level to 1.5°C, recognizing that the consequences of a 2°C temperature increase above pre-industrial levels would be far worse than initially indicated by the research.

The UN's new climate cliff level of 2020 is to stay below an average global temperature increase of 1.5 °C. This target level has changed because the consequences of global warming above this temperature are now known to be much worse than previously believed.

One of the other significant reasons now being acknowledged among recognized climate scientists for the new UN 1.5 C climate cliff temperature target level is that there are already considerably more atmospheric carbon emissions than was previously predicted. These additional carbon emissions stem from other amplifying carbon feedback loops and failures of carbon sinks.

Many of these further amplify carbon feedback loops and carbon sink issues will become apparent just beyond a 1.5 °C average global temperature increase as soon as 2025. (These amplifying carbon feedbacks and carbon sink failures will be described further below.)

New research also suggests that a global temperature increase of 1.5 °C may be the threshold that prevents the more severe levels of runaway global warming and continues to avoid crossing additional extinction-triggering global warming tipping points, thereby amplifying carbon feedback loops.

At this point, it is also essential to understand what is meant by the term runaway global warming. Runaway global warming means that global warming will continue to increase on a runaway course. Imagine a train going down a steep hill with no functional brakes. Once the runaway global warming "train" gets started, in most cases, it will continue to roll on by itself with no practical way to stop or control it.

There are several levels of runaway global warming: beginning, extinction, and the Venus effect. 

The beginning level of runaway global warming, when we crossed the carbon 386 ppm threshold in 2015, is defined as the point at which numerous consequences of climate change and global warming become catastrophic and unavoidable. For example, the UN's new 1.5 °C climate cliff temperature threshold now means that, due to the effects of only the initial level of runaway global warming, exceeding the 1.5 °C level will eventually lead to the extinction of approximately half of humanity by mid-century. (This link will show you how this mass extinction event will happen.)

Extinction-level runaway global warming refers to the level of global warming that would lead to humanity's near-total extinction. Venus-level runaway global warming will be so bad that it rips the atmosphere off our planet. As a result, the Earth will lose all human and biological life. This level of runaway global warming is believed to have happened to the planet Venus.

In our own internal 2016-17 climate analysis, using existing fossil fuel infrastructure, we calculated that the first climate cliff, triggering the onset of runaway global warming (an unstoppable crossing of more amplifying global warming tipping points and climate feedback loops), would occur between the carbon levels of 425 to 450 ppm. These levels of atmospheric carbon would eventually result in a global temperature increase of at least 2°C to 2.7°C above pre-industrial levels. 

Because of the UN IPCC threshold level of 1.5C, the beginning temperature and carbon limits for our former carbon climate cliff level now needed to be updated from its previous carbon level (425-450 ppm) and previous temperature level of about 2 -2.7° C above preindustrial levels to the new 1.5 C climate cliff starting point (about carbon 386.)

 

 

The new climate cliff shocker

The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has previously calculated that achieving a carbon level of 420 ppm is equivalent to a 1.6°C average global temperature increase from pre-industrial levels. They made this calculation of a very low-temperature rise without considering any of the numerous climate tipping points or amplifying carbon feedback loops.

But, as you will soon discover, we have already crossed important climate tipping points and amplifying carbon feedback loops and will quickly cross many more. (Our calculations, making reasonable allowances and adjustments for crossed tipping points and omitted amplifying carbon feedback loops, show the temperatures will rise much higher than the UN's temperature calculations.)

To have stayed below a 1.5 C target temperature increase, we would have had to have kept our atmospheric carbon level below 386 ppm. But, according to James Hansen the world-renowned climate scientist, around 2015, we already had crossed over 386 carbon ppm level and ensured that we would hit the 1.5 C level. 

The good news is we can still slow down the extinction of half of humanity by mid-century if we come close to the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets. (It is perfectly normal to reject or doubt the possibility of such large-scale extinction occurring so soon. Therefore, we strongly recommend, at some point, clicking here to see the detailed sequences of some 80 primary and secondary consequences that will bring about the extinction of about half of humanity.)

All we can do now is slow and delay our partial extinction. However, it will require a government-driven mass mobilization to achieve this. This government-driven mass mobilization would need to radically reduce global fossil fuel use and come very close to meeting the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets as its first action. 

If world governments act immediately and approach the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets, more people will live longer and more comfortably. And perhaps we can still save humanity from the only thing worse than the extinction of half or more of humanity by mid-century: humanity's near-total extinction, occurring between about 2050 and 2080, or sooner. 

And there is a bit more bad news. Acting only to minimize the current global warming extinction threat is insane! It is alarming because any temperature increase of 1.5 °C will also trigger the crossing of three additional extinction-accelerating global warming tipping points and amplify carbon feedback loops.

If our governments do not take radical steps to slow and then reverse the average global temperature increase above the 1.5 °C level, near-total extinction will be our eventual future. Supporting this 1.5 °C danger is the Siberia permafrost field research (rather than the currently less accurate computer modeling) by Anton Vaks. (Reversing climate change means we need to get back down to at least carbon 350 ppm for some stability and hopefully eventually back down to carbon 270 ppm, where both humans and nature flourished.)

This Siberian research puts a global permafrost "thaw-down" also beginning at 1.5 °C. This Siberian research suggests that when the world's permafrost exceeds a 1.5 °C average global temperature increase, it represents a tipping point, and the world's permafrost then undergoes a near-continuous meltdown. Furthermore, this research suggests that after a 1.5 °C average global temperature increase is reached, all carbon and methane stored in permafrost will eventually be released. 

This 1.5 °C permafrost release point, plus other human-made carbon and methane releases, puts us squarely on the fast track for the worst global warming prediction scenarios. (Click here for more documentation on the permafrost meltdown.)

Our ticking permafrost methane time bomb is further highlighted by the rising atmospheric methane (CH4) graph below. When viewing this methane graph, consider that atmospheric methane is approximately 80 times more effective over 20 years and about 24 times more effective over 100 years than atmospheric carbon in contributing to global warming. (The atmospheric methane graph below is in parts per billion [ppb].) 

 

 

It is vital to know how having already crossed the carbon 386 ppm new UN 1.5 °C climate cliff will further accelerate the crossing of more global warming tipping points and amplify carbon feedback loops

The new carbon 386 ppm tipping point level was our last chance climate cliff, as it represented our last window of opportunity to avoid crossing the next critical atmospheric carbon threshold. This threshold, when crossed, would significantly accelerate the crossing of additional global warming tipping points and amplify carbon feedback loops. Once we go over this 386 ppm climate cliff, our average global temperature will inevitably rise considerably above 1.5C - 2°C (eventually possibly as much as 3.2 C in eventual equilibrium warming.

Equilibrium warming is known as equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). It is the long-term temperature rise (equilibrium global mean near-surface air temperature) that is expected to result from a doubling of the atmospheric CO₂ concentration.)

Moreover, this temperature rise will occur far faster than has ever happened over previous human-friendly, geologically scaled periods. This means that what used to happen over millennia or centuries within our climate systems will now occur over decades!

Unfortunately, rapidly rising global temperatures are not the worst effect of crossing the 386 ppm carbon level and the climate cliff. These rapid temperature rises will also create a decisive additional climate momentum factor, in addition to the existing atmospheric carbon momentum. This further climate-related momentum will not only push our global temperature even higher, even faster, but it will also force many of the 12 climate tipping points below and more tipping points within the climate's subsystems to be crossed much faster! 

(The illustration below lists the 11 major global warming tipping points. The arrows between the tipping points indicate that these tipping points interact and can also trigger each other's system or subsystem tipping points. Global warming temperatures will soar faster and faster as we cross more climate tipping points, which will cross even more climate and human system tipping points in an endless feedback loop.) 

 

 

At some point, we strongly recommend that you click here to learn more details about each tipping point above and how they will unfold to bring us closer to near-total extinction. This tipping point meltdown detail page covers what happens when you cross each of the above global warming tipping points, how they accelerate global warming temperature rise, how they accelerate global warming consequences, and how they cause sudden and complete climate, biological, and human system collapses. Crossing these climate tipping points will also render any possible recovery from crossing them impossible or much slower, harder, and more expensive. This expanded tipping point reading will help you "see" the tremendous and dangerous impact that the many additional and soon-arriving crossed global warming tipping points will have on your future.

(At some point, to learn more about tipping point effects, we strongly recommend that you click here to learn more details about each tipping point above and how they will unfold to bring us closer to near-total extinction. (This additional tipping point meltdown page covers what happens when you cross the above tipping points, how they accelerate the global warming temperature rise, consequences, and how they will cause sudden and complete climate, biological, and human system collapses if left unchecked.)

Crossing these climate tipping points will also render any possible recovery from crossing them either impossible or significantly slower, more complicated, and more expensive. (This expanded tipping point reading will help you "see" the tremendous and dangerous impact that the many additional and soon-arriving crossed global warming tipping points will have on your future.)

 

What to expect in rising temperatures now that we have crossed the carbon 386 climate cliff into runaway global warming

Since we surpassed the 386 ppm carbon level around 2015, we have effectively locked in an eventual total minimal increase in average global temperature of about 1.5 °C. 

Next, since we have already crossed the 425 ppm carbon level, we can expect to lock in an additional eventual total increase in average global temperature of about 2-2.7 °C (4°F-4.9°F) from preindustrial levels. (In February of 2025, we were at about 427 ppm.) 

The distinguished Professor of Meteorology, Michael Mann from the University of Pennsylvania, recently stated that once we reach the atmospheric carbon 405 ppm level, a 2 degrees C average global temperature increase is already baked in! And once that happens, the terrible news is that we can do nothing effective at this point to stop those temperature levels from rising for many more decades. (Again, this is why we correctly call our current climate emergency the runaway global heating emergency.)

At only this 1.5 -2.7° Celsius increased average global temperature range, hundreds of millions will eventually starve, and hundreds of millions of people worldwide will eventually be forced to migrate or die. 

Furthermore, we are also condemned by the total heat-producing momentum of all of the previous carbon and other greenhouse gases that we have ever put into the atmosphere, along with the other factors mentioned further down this page. All of these will inevitably and quickly not only push our global temperature even higher but also trigger the crossing of ever more tipping points at an accelerating rate!

Because we have already gone over the carbon 386 ppm climate cliff and triggered this next level of accelerating climate tipping point crossings and climate feedbacks, we are now locked into continually increasing temperatures for as much as the next 30+ years and crossing even more dangerous tipping points and climate feedbacks. 

We will reach our next, even more dangerous, transitional carbon and temperature threshold when we eventually do cross the carbon 425-450 carbon ppm tipping point level. This is the extinction-triggering threshold where, because of crossing even more future global warming tipping points and amplifying climate feedback loops at an accelerating rate, we will be unable to stop ourselves from proceeding uncontrollably to average global temperature increases of 3°, 4°, 5°, and 6° Celsius (5.4°, 7.2°, 9°, and 10.8° Fahrenheit respectively.) 

Once we cross the 2° Celsius (the carbon 425-450 ppm level), the higher mass extinction accelerating temperature levels of 3°, 4°, 5°, and even 6° Celsius will be all but locked in! 

According to James Hansen, one of the world's most influential climate researchers, a carbon level of 450 ppm would eventually result in an average global temperature increase of 6 °C (10.8°F) this century, marking the end of human civilization as we know it.

In many places on this website, Job One for Humanity has stated that, due to our failure to address 60 years of scientific warnings and make significant progress in mitigating global heating, we now face the unavoidable extinction of approximately half of Humanity by mid-century. We hope you can see how, with global temperatures reaching just 2-3 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, this horrendous mass human extinction is not only possible, it is inevitable. When we reach a temperature increase of only 3° C, billions of lives could be lost. 

Unfortunately, there is nothing we can do to change the 60 years of our past climate inaction that will stop the mid-century extinction of about half of Humanity. However, we can still prevent our near-total extinction after mid-century by getting close to the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets, and with the help of Mother Nature and some human counteractions once we are finally motivated enough to make the necessary changes. (At some point, please click here to read how the counteractions of Mother Nature and our human systems will eventually kick in to save us from total extinction.) 

At this point, given the numerous increased temperatures being discussed, it is crucial to explain the global warming temperature-fed feedback loop in more detail. The hotter it gets, the more it amplifies and drives more intense global warming consequences, crossing more climate change tipping points and triggering more amplifying climate feedback loops.

Then, these more intense consequences of global warming, additional crossed climate tipping points, and further triggered amplifying climate feedback loops cause the temperature to rise even higher, starting the cycle all over again. The bad news is that once this cycle gets going, it goes faster and faster like a train with no brakes running down a hill. That's more details about why they call it runaway global warming.

 

 

The uncontrollable, continuous rise in average global temperature, which will cause mass starvation, death, and migration, will be due primarily to:

1. The major global warming consequences will continue to intensify and cross-react as heat rises. 

The following illustration will help you visualize how future global warming consequences will intensify separately and together as we cross more tipping points and global temperatures rise. Imagine all of these global warming consequences whirling around, colliding with, and amplifying each other because of the agitation and "boiling effect" of ever-rising heat. This motion is similar to how the rising heat under a steam cooker churns, whirls, and collides with the boiling water inside, causing it to move faster and more violently. 

 

 

As increasing heat boils our planet, just like boiling water in a pot, the above global warming consequences will intensify and increase in severity, frequency, and scale! (To learn about exactly how the escalating 20 worst global warming consequences will cause mass starvation, death, and migration as well as social, economic, and political chaos, click here.)

2. More global warming consequences (listed above) will go into positive feedback loops as temperatures rise. Think of a positive feedback loop as a small stimulus that then amplifies a specific effect or consequence, causing it to get bigger and bigger. For example, if you hold a microphone too close to a music amplifier, there will be an irritating scratchy distortion of sound that "feeds back" to the amplifier, getting louder and louder the longer the microphone is held closer and closer to the amplifier source. 

3. Our inability to stop ourselves from crossing more global warming tipping points. Crossing more tipping points will again trigger other positive feedback loops and points of no return within the global climate system and its subsystems. It will also cause global warming tipping points to interact with each other in a cumulative manner.

4. Our continued crossing of "points of no return" within the global warming tipping point processes. Tipping point processes contain definite points of no return. Once a tipping point's point of no return is crossed, crossing that tipping point is all but inevitable. Once that occurs, things usually collapse quickly, and recovery is typically slow, complex, costly, or downright impossible.

 

 

5. The accelerating heat-producing carbon and other greenhouse gas momentum (we will continue to add more fossil fuel-burning carbon to the atmosphere every additional year, currently at the rate of about three plus carbon ppm per year).

6. Profound human system inertia and numerous other human system maladaptation factors will make it difficult to fix this extinction emergency or recover from it. (Described in detail on this page.)

Because of the preceding, we have no other rational alternative than to prevent crossing into the hazardous transitional carbon range and threshold of 450 ppm and the tipping point. At our current carbon and other greenhouse gas atmospheric pollution rate, entering this range will, unfortunately, begin sometime around 2025 if we do not get very close to the correct and honest 2025 fossil fuel reduction targets. 

There is something we can always be sure of in this horrible emergency. No matter what and despite all of the challenges and painful tipping point outcomes that are coming, the single constant truth for the best possible climate outcome for humanity in this emergency is that the faster and the more we reduce global fossil fuel use:

a. The more people we will survive to carry on humanity, life, and our beautiful civilization, and

b. Future generations will suffer less from an ever-increasing sequence of escalating global warming consequences.

In the illustration below, you will see a red vertical line, the "Must never pass, last chance battle line and range of carbon 425 to 450 ppm." As you can see, going over the carbon 425 ppm leads us to a very steep downward, darker red slope toward our rapid extinction. (The illustration below also shows at what carbon ppm levels the six distinct phases of a Climageddon extinction scenario and countdown will occur (i.e., CS Phases 1-6 below.) After completing the rest of this document, we strongly recommend reviewing the detailed year-by-year global warming consequence timetables found in the Climageddon extinction scenario and countdown. (As a reminder, the Climageddon extinction scenario and countdown will be linked again at the bottom of this page.)

 

 

In summary, going over the second climate cliff and the first extinction-triggering tipping point

If you thought going over the first climate, Cliff was bad, here is what is most important to remember about a failure to get close to our 2025 reduction targets and going over the carbon 425-450 ppm extinction-triggering tipping point:

1. Once we cross the 425-450 ppm carbon threshold, the frequency, severity, and scale of global warming consequences will shift from gradual, linear increases to very steep, exponential increases. This steep to exponential consequence explosion will begin within 3-6 years (2025-2031) as we cross this critical extinction-triggering tipping point. (As of July 2024, we are at carbon 425 ppm.)

Please, for effect, once again, see the most current blue Atmospheric CO2 carbon graph (on this page) to see how dangerously close we are to this critical carbon 425 - 450 ppm tipping point already.

2. After we also cross the carbon 425-450 ppm range, the extinction of about half of humanity by mid-century is assured and unavoidable. The mathematics and physics of atmospheric carbon and other greenhouse gases, which raise our temperature, will climb steeply and then exponentially after surpassing the carbon level of 425-450 ppm. This additional rise in greenhouse gases will drive our temperatures ever higher, even faster up to and through at least two more extinction-accelerating tipping points, and into the many other global warming consequences described both further below and in these primary and secondary runaway global heating consequences. 

3. After we cross the 425-450 ppm threshold, stopping this ever-increasing global warming temperature momentum will be like trying to stop a gigantic boulder from rolling faster and faster down a hill that keeps getting steeper and steeper. 

4. We are in an unacknowledged climate change extinction emergency, and so far, our governments are not even close to reaching the critical 2025 targets. 

5. If we do not come close to the 2025 targets, we lose our last chance to stop ourselves from going over additional and far worse global warming tipping points. These extra tipping points will cause near-total to total human extinction and economic, political, and social chaos within our lifetimes!

If we do not come close to the 2025 targets, our final window of opportunity to effectively control our destiny regarding preventing the other two near-total extinction-accelerating tipping points from being crossed closes. This unthinkable outcome is also why the carbon 425-450 ppm tipping point level is our most crucial next tipping point to understand and respect. (More about what causes this near-complete loss of control of our global warming future will be explained in the following even worse climate tipping point sections below.)

6. The beginning of runaway global warming was initiated when we went over the climate cliff and crossed carbon 386 ppm in 2015. We will fully enter the unavoidable mass extinction level of climate change when we cross the carbon 425-450 ppm threshold. This is the carbon level where we can no longer stop ourselves from crossing a cascade of more significant climate tipping points.

7. Mass human extinction will accelerate as we cross the 3° C level and pass beyond it.  Once we cross the 2° Celsius (the carbon 425-450 ppm level,) the inevitable mass extinction accelerating temperature levels of 3°, 4°, 5°, and even 6° Celsius will be all but locked in! 

At 4° C, life will be a living hell for unlucky survivors. Crossing the 450 ppm carbon level will eventually lead to an average global temperature increase of 6° Celsius (10.8° Fahrenheit), well before the end of this century, and could be the end of human civilization as we know it.  At or near a temperature increase of 4° C, the lives of half of humanity are in severe peril, if not gone.

8. In case you have been tricked by massive fossil fuel industry propaganda campaigns and still believe some "new technology" will save us just in time. Get over that fairy tale. 

We have only 3-6 years to get close to the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets or risk losing control of our climate change future for centuries to thousands of years. But, unfortunately, no new carbon removal technologies (or what we at Job One for Humanity call the magical carbon-sucking unicorns) will be able to save us in time.

Once we cross the carbon 425-450 ppm threshold, we will cross so many additional climate tipping points and trigger so many climate change feedback loops that carbon and methane levels in the atmosphere will start to skyrocket far, far beyond where they are now. Carbon and methane released from the tundra, permafrost, and forests are growing fast. Soon, the oceans and soils will also start releasing massive amounts of carbon at levels no "new technology" will be able to keep up with or reverse for centuries.

The highly touted fossil fuel industry's heavily lobbied carbon removal technology fails because even those who believe this technology might save us are projecting that it will not be scaled up enough to make a significant difference until sometime after 2050. Unfortunately, this 2050 date is long after irreversible climate damage has been done, and long after anything can be done for the billions who will suffer and die! 

(Please click here if you still have any illusions about new and heavily promoted carbon removal technology miraculously saving us at the last minute. The science and math there will help you understand that the only way out of this imminent extinction catastrophe is to radically reduce global  fossil fuel use globally to come very close to the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets.)

Click here if you are a victim of climate change damage or loss and you want to get financial and other forms of restitution for the damages you have suffered.

Additionally, it is not just carbon capture "new technologies" that are unworkable when one confronts the honest global fossil fuel reduction deadlines we now face and their many primary and secondary consequences. No miracle "new technology" (like solar screening, geo-engineering, etc.) currently exists at the needed scale or cost efficiency capable of saving humanity from our accelerating global heating nightmare before about half of humanity is dead. No "new technology will magically get us close to the painful 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets in time.

The widely promised miracle "new technologies" that will save us from climate extinction are fossil fuel industry-supported illusions and false solutions. They intentionally act to hide the absolute urgency of the runaway global heating emergency and the fossil fuel profit-killing reality that we must radically reduce global fossil fuel use now!

Worse yet:

1. None of the current miracle "new technology" climate solutions can come even close to scaling up globally in time to compensate for our significant shortfall in meeting the 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets. 

2. Most have not yet been proven to work (even at a small scale.)

3. All have not been adequately tested at a sufficiently large scale for unintended side effects. Any unknown and unintended side effects could create even more significant problems than the problems they were designed to solve.

4. They all appear to be prohibitively costly and financially unsustainable.

5. Many burn so much fossil fuel trying to remove atmospheric carbon or geo-engineer the planet or atmosphere that their massive fossil fuel use eliminates their benefits. Additionally, massive amounts of energy will be required to process the necessary raw materials and fabricate the solutions needed to implement the new technologies. To do this quickly, existing methods must provide the energy, which would further delay reaching global fossil fuel reduction goals. And finally. And worst of all,

6. These miracle "new technologies" falsely promise that we can continue our lives of over-consuming, overpopulating, polluting, and burning fossil fuels exactly as we are now, or with little painless change. Nothing could be further from the truth if we want to survive.

Furthermore, society is overlooking the fact that we are approaching the limits of the availability of many natural resources. To build these proposed new technologies, vital materials will be required in such tremendous quantities that they would severely impact routine daily needs.

 

 

Possibly after 2050, some new technology will be tested, safe and deployable at scale and reasonable costs to contribute in some minor way to restoring our climate stability. However, none of these new technologies can replace the urgent and immediate need to drastically reduce global fossil fuel use to achieve the correct and honest 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets.

Hoping for some "new technology" to be discovered at the last minute to miraculously save us is a horrible personal, corporate, or national strategy, dooming us to fail ourselves into extinction and chaos.

9. The only effective way to prevent our near-total extinction from the primary and secondary consequences of climate change is to get as close to the correct and honest 2025 global fossil fuel reduction targets.

10. James Hansen, a former NASA climate scientist and leading climate researcher, said that we should be safe if we stayed below an atmospheric carbon level of 350 parts per million (ppm). However, he also stated that if we exceed an atmospheric carbon level of approximately 386 ppm, we will enter a state of runaway global heating. As of February 2025, we had reached a carbon level of 427 ppm. We are already deep into runaway global warming and racing towards mass extinction.